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Electrodeposition Modulex

Pulse Reverse Plating

This tutorial explores how pulse reverse plating can be used as an additive-free alternative to attenuate small protrusions during copper metal deposition. By matching the process parameters, including the length of the forward and reverse pulses (duty cycles), a bright mirror-like metal ... Read More

Electrodeposition of a Microconnector Bump with Deforming Geometry in 3D

This model simulates the shape evolution of a microconnector bump over time as copper deposits on an electrode surface. Transport of cupric ions in the electrolyte occurs by convection and diffusion. The electrode kinetics are described by a concentration dependent Butler-Volmer ... Read More

Electroplating of a Printed Circuit Board

This example simulates electroplating of a printed circuit board (PCB) in 3D using the Secondary Current Distribution interface. In order to achieve thickness uniformity across the PCB, a dummy pattern is included in the design, along with an aperture in the electroplating bath. Read More

Diffusion-Controlled Dendrite Formation Using the Level Set Method

The present model demonstrates diffusion-controlled electrodeposition of copper on microstructured band electrode arrays (MEA). Mass transport by Fickian diffusion of copper ions is solved using the Transport of Diluted Species interface. Dendrite formation as a consequence of diffusion ... Read More

Fountain Flow Effects on Electrodeposition on a Rotating Wafer

This example extends the analysis made in the model Electrodeposition on a Resistive Patterned Wafer by including the diffusion and convection of copper ions in the electrolyte. The coupled mass transport convection-diffusion effects are of interest in this type of reactor since they ... Read More

Electrode Growth Next to an Insulator

This example shows how to model secondary current distribution and electrode growth with a moving geometry. To avoid numerical instabilities, a seed layer is introduced in the initial geometry to obtain a right angle at the edge between the growing electrode and the insulator. Read More

Copper Electroless Deposition

Electroless deposition or plating is a non-galvanic plating method that does not require any external electrical power. This technique is typically used for electroless plating of nickel, silver, gold and copper. In electroless deposition, partial oxidation and reduction reactions ... Read More

Alloy Deposition

Electrochemical codeposition is a common low-cost method for producing metal alloys. This tutorial model demonstrates electrodeposition of a nickel (Ni)–phosphorous (P) alloy. The model accounts for charge and mass transport of a multitude of species along with multiple electrode ... Read More

Bipolar Ion-Exchange Membrane

A bipolar membrane consists of one anion-selective, and one cation-selective membrane, in contact with each other. The combined cation and anion selectivity makes the bipolar membrane highly impermeable to all ions, with the exception of H+ and OH- which are formed by water splitting ... Read More

Electrocoating of a Car Door

This example models electrocoating of paint onto a car door in a time-dependent simulation. The deposited paint is highly resistive which results in lowered local deposition rates for coated areas. A primary current distribution in combination with a film resistance model is used to ... Read More